Earth and its Ocean
Billions of years ago, gravity pulled dust into tiny rocks which then eventually formed into our planet Earth. However, Earth wasn't always fortunate with land, water, and life like it is now. It had to undergo changes within millions of years. In the beginning, the Earth contained carbon dioxide, water, and vapor. It had a temperature of 2,000 degrees fahrenheit. The Earth was just a big ball of fire. The huge fireball then dramatically changed once another planet, the size of mars, smashed into the Earth's surface. Both planets then turned into liquid. A thousand years later, the asphalt that surrounded the Earth turned into a red hot rock. This hot rock became known as the Earth's moon. At this rate, the Earth is spinning fast however it changes slowly.
3.9 billion years later, meteors attacked the Earth. Inside of these meteors are crystals and tiny droplets of water. As the meteors hit Earth, pools of water begin to form. Because of the planet's fast rotation, it causes terrible windstorm and horrific tides. It then slowly settles once the Earth decreases its rotation rate. 700 million water covers this planet. Molten rock begins to rise from the ocean. It cools and forms volcanic islands. The islands will then join and create continents. Although it may seem to have the important ingredients to have life, it is still unbearable for any living species due to the the carbon and amino acids being carried from the meteors. Thousands of feet below the ocean's waves, the ocean is dark and freezing. The underwater chimney spits hot liquid and the chemicals and minerals are released back into the ocean. These are the chemicals that create life on Earth. Millions of years later, there is no drastic changes to the Earth. Single cell bacteria are the only living things on Earth. As the formation continues, the bacteria endures a process called photosynthesis. This is when bacteria turns sunlight into food. This magical transformation releases a gas called oxygen. The oxygen then turns into rust to form minerals that are utilized to build buildings, bridges, and skyscrapers. 2 billion years later, the oxygen begins to increase, however, life on Earth has not yet been evolved.
3.9 billion years later, meteors attacked the Earth. Inside of these meteors are crystals and tiny droplets of water. As the meteors hit Earth, pools of water begin to form. Because of the planet's fast rotation, it causes terrible windstorm and horrific tides. It then slowly settles once the Earth decreases its rotation rate. 700 million water covers this planet. Molten rock begins to rise from the ocean. It cools and forms volcanic islands. The islands will then join and create continents. Although it may seem to have the important ingredients to have life, it is still unbearable for any living species due to the the carbon and amino acids being carried from the meteors. Thousands of feet below the ocean's waves, the ocean is dark and freezing. The underwater chimney spits hot liquid and the chemicals and minerals are released back into the ocean. These are the chemicals that create life on Earth. Millions of years later, there is no drastic changes to the Earth. Single cell bacteria are the only living things on Earth. As the formation continues, the bacteria endures a process called photosynthesis. This is when bacteria turns sunlight into food. This magical transformation releases a gas called oxygen. The oxygen then turns into rust to form minerals that are utilized to build buildings, bridges, and skyscrapers. 2 billion years later, the oxygen begins to increase, however, life on Earth has not yet been evolved.
As the temperature of the Earth decreases and the days begin to increase, the Earth goes through more changes. 750 million years ago, a force broke apart the pangea. This force was caused by the heat that escaped the core of the Earth. The continents begins to split, exposing rocks. Carbon dioxide mixed with water created acidic rain. A few thousand years later, the Earth endured the most longest, tragic period known as an ice age. "Snowball Earth" was covered in 10,000 feet thick of ice. Earth's ball of fire turned into a great huge ball of ice. All of the Sun's water reflects back into space. Because there was not enough Carbon dioxide to capture heat from the sun, the Earth remained incredibly cold. Fast forwarding pass this long, drastic time period, volcanoes under the ice begins to erupt. Bursting with new CO2, it slowly captures the Sun's heat again. 15 billion years later, the ice on the earth begins to melt. Series of chemical reactions, the ice creates oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide releases massive amount of oxygen. 600 million years ago, the atmosphere is warmer and days are longer. Plants are scattered among the sea floors. Within the ocean, there is a peak of life. Picayas were the first organisms with a spine. Although the ocean contains life, it is impossible for the land to contain life. The reason why there aren't any plantation and trees living on Earth at the time is because it is too exposed to the sun. The sun blasts earth with radiation. Above the earth, approximately 30 miles high, there is a substance that is at a gas state called the o-zone layer. It protects the Earth like a blanket and absorbs the sun's radiation. Over hundreds of years, the layers thicken, being able to absorb more radiation. Down in the ocean, there are new species called tiktaalik fishes. These creatures are able to raise itself up and use their fins to function as legs. Tiktaalik fishes soon evolve into dinosaurs, mammals, and even humans.
As the O-zone consumes most of the sun's radiation, life on land gradually begins to grow. The wind carries the seed by the ocean and spreads them across the Earth's land. The seeds provided its own food instead of water. As it grows, it provides more seeds to be spread which soon spread all over the Earth's land. With a large amount of plants, oxygen is produced at even a higher rate. Existence on land is now possible. Dragon flies, spiders and other insects have been evolved. However, they are different from insects that live on Earth now. These million year old insects, reptiles and mammals are huge in size. The reason for their massive size is because the oxygen level was much higher. Unfortunately the Permian Extinction period killed all plants and living things. Rain begins to turn into sulfuric acid which made a local disaster turn global. This global disaster is whats known as the Siberian Eruption. During this eruption, the atmosphere got hotter, water evaporated, and vegetation died. Bubbles of methane gas peeks out and begins to melt because of the heated temperature. It is then released into the air which made the temperature rise. Once again, the Earth dies.
200 million years ago, pangea begins to form, the planets heal, temperatures are stabilized, and the rain is neutralized. The currents of the ocean pushes nutrients into the water and the plants obtain oil. As plates shifts and moves, the pangea separates, creating different continents. Ocean creatures were soon able to crawl to land and adapt to their new homes. After years of evolution, these underwater creatures became living mammals and dinosaurs. After another destructive asteroid, the existence of dinosaurs and other living creatures ceased to exist. This gave the Earth a new chance for new ancestors to evolve, thus creating the existence of human beings. A new world has begun, and will live for 4 billion more years to come. However, the coarse of the Earth and its natural disasters are unpredictable.
200 million years ago, pangea begins to form, the planets heal, temperatures are stabilized, and the rain is neutralized. The currents of the ocean pushes nutrients into the water and the plants obtain oil. As plates shifts and moves, the pangea separates, creating different continents. Ocean creatures were soon able to crawl to land and adapt to their new homes. After years of evolution, these underwater creatures became living mammals and dinosaurs. After another destructive asteroid, the existence of dinosaurs and other living creatures ceased to exist. This gave the Earth a new chance for new ancestors to evolve, thus creating the existence of human beings. A new world has begun, and will live for 4 billion more years to come. However, the coarse of the Earth and its natural disasters are unpredictable.
Properties of Water
Definitions:
Polarity: The distribution of charges across a molecule making one end positive (H) and the other negative.
Cohesion: The tendency for water molecules to weak bonds and stick to each other.
Adhesion: Is the tendency of water to stick to other substances.
Capillary action: Upward movement of both adhesion to the sides of the glass and cohesion of the water molecules to each other.
Surface tension: Forces that acts on the particles at the surface of a liquid.
Specific Heat: Amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree celsius.
Hydrogen bond: Water molecules to form temporary bonds that break easily.
Polarity: The distribution of charges across a molecule making one end positive (H) and the other negative.
Cohesion: The tendency for water molecules to weak bonds and stick to each other.
Adhesion: Is the tendency of water to stick to other substances.
Capillary action: Upward movement of both adhesion to the sides of the glass and cohesion of the water molecules to each other.
Surface tension: Forces that acts on the particles at the surface of a liquid.
Specific Heat: Amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree celsius.
Hydrogen bond: Water molecules to form temporary bonds that break easily.
The chemical formula H2O, or known as water, is made up of atoms bonded to form molecules. One side of the water molecules has a positive charge and the other side has a negative charge. These charges indicate that water are polar molecules. Bonds that form between water molecules are called hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are weak and breaks easily. The tendency for water molecules to stick to other water molecules is called cohesion. The force that acts on the particles of a liquid at the surface is called surface tension. Surface tension forces the surface of water to curve because the water molecules at the surface cohere strongly to each other. The tendency for water molecules to be attracted and stick to other substances is called adhesion. The water's surface tension refers to the tightness across the surface of the water. The curved surface in a graduated cylinder is called a meniscus. Capillary action is when is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, and in opposition to external forces like gravity. It allows water to climb up the sides of a straw because adhesion and cohesion. A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another is called a solution. The substance that does the dissolving is called the solvent. Water can dissolve many substances because its hydrogen bond is easily manipulated. It can dissolve things such as salt and wax. A substance that hates water is called a hydrophobic water. Water requires a lot of heat to increase its temperature.
Adhesion is when water has the tendency to stick to other substances. Unlike adhesion, cohesion has the tendency to stick to other water molecules. Surface tension is when there is tightness caused by the pulling the water molecules on each other. A capillary action has the tendency to climb up due to cohesion and adhesion properties of water. Polarity is when there are uneven distribution of charges in a molecule. Weak bonds formed between water molecules are called hydrogen bonds. Finally, specific heat is the amount of heat needed to raise 1kg of substance 1 degrees.
Adhesion is when water has the tendency to stick to other substances. Unlike adhesion, cohesion has the tendency to stick to other water molecules. Surface tension is when there is tightness caused by the pulling the water molecules on each other. A capillary action has the tendency to climb up due to cohesion and adhesion properties of water. Polarity is when there are uneven distribution of charges in a molecule. Weak bonds formed between water molecules are called hydrogen bonds. Finally, specific heat is the amount of heat needed to raise 1kg of substance 1 degrees.
Water Salinity Lab
Temperature and salinity affect the density of the water. Wind and currents at the surface of the water changes the density of the ocean. The saltier the water the more buoyant an object becomes. Based on their salinity level, they are placed either on the top of the surface, middle, or very bottom. Very salty water is more dense, therefore they will sink to the bottom. Water that is not as salty is less dense and will float on top of the surface. There are different types of salinity levels. In our lab, we had three beakers with different colored water; red, green and blue. In the red water beaker, we added only 10 mL of salt. In the green beaker, we added 40 mL of salt. Last, in our blue beaker, we added 100 mL of salt. We then slowly poured each of the water with different salinity level into a test tube. The different salinity levels will create different levels in the test tube, separating the red from the green and the green from the blue.
Buoyancy Lab
Water Density Presentation
The structure of the ocean contains individual water molecules held together by covalent bonding. Hydrogen bonding is what keeps the molecules together. It has special properties because of the hydrogen bonding (also known as polarity). Properties that allows life to form on earth is called cohesion, adhesion and surface tension. Density is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given unit volume. The density of water is 1 gm/cm3. Water density is determined through temperature, salinity and pressure work. For instance, cold salty water is more dense than less salty water. Therefore the more dense water is sink to the bottom while the less salty water floats on top. The ocean water is divided into three different layers; the mixed zone, pycnocline (transitional) zone, and the deep zone. The mixed zone contains less dense water, the transitional zone is the barrier between the surface layer and the bottom layer. The pycnocline zone consists of the saltiest ocean water. water tends to move horizontally throughout the deep ocean instead of moving vertically.
Most of the salt in the ocean came from land. Over millions of years, rain, rivers, and streams have washed over rocks that contain the compound sodium chloride and carries it into the sea. However, some of the salt in the ocean also come from undersea volcanoes. In our ocean contains salinity. The average ocean salinity is 35 ppt. Most marine organisms keep the salinity inside their bodies about the same salinity outside their body. Haloclines occur in the Atlantic Ocean.
Temperature plays an important role in the ocean. The sun hits the surface layer of the ocean, heating it up. Wind and waves pushes the water around in a circular motion so that heat gets mixed downward too. Thermocline is a distinct zonation of waters based on temperature. In large bodies of water this is a natural process occurring between the air and wind influenced surface waters, which have relatively rapidly changing temperatures, with the colder, more constant temperature deeper waters. Increasing temperatures will cause distinct layers to form in the water, reducing the mixing and in turn lower productivity. Introduction of new species as a result of warmer water. Which compete with local species for space and food.
Most of the salt in the ocean came from land. Over millions of years, rain, rivers, and streams have washed over rocks that contain the compound sodium chloride and carries it into the sea. However, some of the salt in the ocean also come from undersea volcanoes. In our ocean contains salinity. The average ocean salinity is 35 ppt. Most marine organisms keep the salinity inside their bodies about the same salinity outside their body. Haloclines occur in the Atlantic Ocean.
Temperature plays an important role in the ocean. The sun hits the surface layer of the ocean, heating it up. Wind and waves pushes the water around in a circular motion so that heat gets mixed downward too. Thermocline is a distinct zonation of waters based on temperature. In large bodies of water this is a natural process occurring between the air and wind influenced surface waters, which have relatively rapidly changing temperatures, with the colder, more constant temperature deeper waters. Increasing temperatures will cause distinct layers to form in the water, reducing the mixing and in turn lower productivity. Introduction of new species as a result of warmer water. Which compete with local species for space and food.
Bill Nye- Oceanography
Heat from the sun makes the water in the ocean evaporate but the salt stays in the ocean. Rain water is not salty because only water evaporates, not the salt. Very salty water is heavier and more dense than little salty water. The wind and rain causes ocean water to be salty. The heavier salt water pushes the light salt water out of the way; going upwards. A current is water that is smooth and flowing. Thermohaline currents make huge masses of sea water flow in a current all around the ocean. Data marker buoys help keep track of currents and where they are flowing. Even fishes in the aquarium need currents for food and oxygen. They have pumps and valves to keep the currents flowing.
Lakes aren't salty because when it rains, it carries all of the salt minerals from the rocks near by, down to the ocean. Unlike most lakes, the Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea both contain a lot of salt because they don't have any outlets to the ocean. Therefore, the salt builds up each time it rains. Heat from the sun causes currents by making water molecules move faster and faster apart. The cold water then pushes it to the west. The Atlantic Ocean has the most powerful current. Our planet Earth is the only planet in the solar system that has water. Mars can't have any water because it is too cold there. The water will freeze up. Many things depend on currents for transportation, food, and suitable climate.
Lakes aren't salty because when it rains, it carries all of the salt minerals from the rocks near by, down to the ocean. Unlike most lakes, the Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea both contain a lot of salt because they don't have any outlets to the ocean. Therefore, the salt builds up each time it rains. Heat from the sun causes currents by making water molecules move faster and faster apart. The cold water then pushes it to the west. The Atlantic Ocean has the most powerful current. Our planet Earth is the only planet in the solar system that has water. Mars can't have any water because it is too cold there. The water will freeze up. Many things depend on currents for transportation, food, and suitable climate.
Introduction to Ocean Currents
Currents are cohesive streams of sea water that circulate through the ocean. A Gulf Stream follows the coarse through the North Atlantic. It is a warm ocean current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico along the east coast of the US. Currents are caused by wind, gravity and density. There are two types of circulation; surface circulation and deep circulation. Surface circulation relatively spins the upper layer of the sea. Deep circulation sweeps along the deep sea floor. The dominate pattern of surface circulation is the Gyre. The gyre is a well organized circularly flow. Five enormous gyres spin in tropical waters; two in both the Atlantic and Pacific and one in the Indian Ocean. The most important factors of surface currents are wind and gravity. Wind blows on the sea causing friction that drags a thin layer of water into motion. It pulls on the water just beneath. It starts the layer under it moving. Gravity also causes surface currents. Currents are able to converge and run into a continent. Wind and gravity start water moving. Intense sunlight can heat and expand sea water, raising the surface by several centimeters in the tropics during summer time. The coriolis effect is when currents move at an angle to the force that generates them. It occurs because the earth's surface rotates faster at the equator than at the poles. The flow of the currents in the coriolis effect turns aside, in the opposite direction of the land. The Gulf Stream moves away from the equator and moves north mixing water. The equatorial counter current can trigger the phenomena called the El Nino.
Long shore, rip, and upwelling currents are considered to be temporary currents. Long shore currents flow along shore lines when waves hit at an angle. Rip currents are where obstacles channel away from the shoreline. They are dangerous because people can get swept out in the sea. Upwelling currents are when wind pushes surface water away from th shore and deeper water rises to fill its gap. It is important because they bring nutrients to the surface. Global conveyor belts are deep water currents that loops around.
The conveyor belt begins on the surface of the sea near poles. As the water gets cold and saltier, its density increases then sinks. Surface water is then pulled to replaced the sinking water, creating a current. Currents are important to humans because it circulates the ocean providing our land with nutrients and other substances. Upwelling bring nutrients to the surface of the ocean which will have phytoplankton thriving which is the base of aquatic food chain. Currents affect the earth's temperature and climate because some currents are warmer and cooler than others. Global warming can affect ocean currents because it can disrupt thermohaline circulation. Global warming will also potentially melt the cold ice in the arctic and all the cold water will disperse into our ocean, changing its temperature. This temperature of our ocean highly affects the temperature of our land.
Long shore, rip, and upwelling currents are considered to be temporary currents. Long shore currents flow along shore lines when waves hit at an angle. Rip currents are where obstacles channel away from the shoreline. They are dangerous because people can get swept out in the sea. Upwelling currents are when wind pushes surface water away from th shore and deeper water rises to fill its gap. It is important because they bring nutrients to the surface. Global conveyor belts are deep water currents that loops around.
The conveyor belt begins on the surface of the sea near poles. As the water gets cold and saltier, its density increases then sinks. Surface water is then pulled to replaced the sinking water, creating a current. Currents are important to humans because it circulates the ocean providing our land with nutrients and other substances. Upwelling bring nutrients to the surface of the ocean which will have phytoplankton thriving which is the base of aquatic food chain. Currents affect the earth's temperature and climate because some currents are warmer and cooler than others. Global warming can affect ocean currents because it can disrupt thermohaline circulation. Global warming will also potentially melt the cold ice in the arctic and all the cold water will disperse into our ocean, changing its temperature. This temperature of our ocean highly affects the temperature of our land.
Marine Science Ocean Waves
The movement of water molecules within a wave consists water and energy. The water molecules rotate in circular motion. Waves transmit energy across the sea. The wave anatomy has different types of sections. The crest is the highest surface part of a wave. The trough is the lowest part of the wave. The wave height is the distance between the crest and the trough. The wave length is the distance between each trough or each crest. Most waves are generated by wind. Wind blows across the surface. Friction between air and water creates ripples. Waves reach their maximum size when they match the speed of the wind. The largest waves on earth are found between Antarctica and the Indian Ocean because it is extremely windy. A wave train is a group of waves in deep water. They can produce a confused highly irregular sea. A rogue wave is when wave trains and currents meet. Waves in shallow water start to lean forward once the bottom of the wave feels the sea floor. The wave size decreases and bunches up. Swash is foamy water that carries sand and gravel. Waves can erode the coast.
A Tsunami travels at the speed of a jet. Wave lengths are miles apart geologic events cause Tsunamis such as underwater land slides, volcanic eruptions, astroids, and earth quakes.
At a wave power station, the waves arriving cause the water in the chamber to rise and fall, which means that air is forced in and out of the hole in the top of the chamber. A turbine is placed in the hole, which is turned by the air rushing in and out. The turbine then turns into a generator.
A Tsunami travels at the speed of a jet. Wave lengths are miles apart geologic events cause Tsunamis such as underwater land slides, volcanic eruptions, astroids, and earth quakes.
At a wave power station, the waves arriving cause the water in the chamber to rise and fall, which means that air is forced in and out of the hole in the top of the chamber. A turbine is placed in the hole, which is turned by the air rushing in and out. The turbine then turns into a generator.
Bill Nye- Waves
Many things travel in waves such as guitar strings, speakers, and your voice. There are three properties of waves; wave length, frequency, and amplitude. The wave length is the distance between two successive parts that are aligned. Frequency is how frequent a wave passes a certain point. For example, X-rays have a higher frequency than light waves. Amplitude is the height of the wave. Light break into patterns when it runs through thin slits because light itself travels in waves. Waves that travel by squeezing and spreading are called longitude waves. Waves in the earth are called seismic waves.
Waves in the ocean are caused by wind. When waves bounce back and comes back to the source, this is called sonar. Sonar is when you send a sound wave and wait for it to reflect and bounce back. Echoing is the perfect example of sonar.
Waves in the ocean are caused by wind. When waves bounce back and comes back to the source, this is called sonar. Sonar is when you send a sound wave and wait for it to reflect and bounce back. Echoing is the perfect example of sonar.
Tides
Tides are the regular alternating rise and fall of sea level. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun
Energy From The Ocean
Renewable power can be generated by the ocean's mechanical energy. The physical movement of the waves and tides produce energy. The bigger the waves the more energy it contains. Wave power tap into the device in two ways; the up and down motion to crank a generator, or the pressure changes caused by wave motions. However, they are not as reliable due to their size, speed and direction. It is mainly effective in western coast lines and mid latitudes because the waves are large enough to generate a lot of energy. Tides are another source of ocean water energy. It uses an underwater wind mill to generate energy. It is more predictable than wave power because the rise and fall of tides is due to the regular, reliable movements of the earth and the moon. It it only effective when their is a difference in high and low tides. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is another form of collecting energy. It uses the sea water's solar energy to turn into electricity. Thermal gradient is when the surface of the water is heated by the sun and the bottom of the ocean is cool. It is the change from hot surface water to deep cold water. OTEC has potential benefits. The deep water from the ocean plants is cold nutrient rich water that can be used for agriculture, aquaculture, air conditioning and refrigeration.